{"title":"Metabolic \u0026 Weight","description":"","products":[{"product_id":"tirzepatide","title":"Tirzepatide","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTirzepatide is a synthetic peptide that functions as a dual agonist of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor and the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor. In research models it is used to study incretin biology, metabolic regulation, and the integrated control of glucose homeostasis, appetite signaling, and energy balance.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"PureX Labs","offers":[{"title":"20mg","offer_id":47487366758644,"sku":null,"price":80.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0804\/5802\/3156\/files\/Tirzepatide.png?v=1769106211"},{"product_id":"retatrutide","title":"Retatrutide","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRetatrutide is a synthetic tri-agonist peptide that activates GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors. It has been studied for its potential effects on glucose regulation, energy balance, and body weight in preclinical and clinical research.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/purexlabs.io\/pages\/retatrutide-10mg-coa\" title=\"10MG COA\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e10MG COA\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/purexlabs.io\/pages\/retatrutide-30mg-coa\" title=\"30MG COA\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e30MG COA\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"PureX Labs","offers":[{"title":"10mg","offer_id":48045007929588,"sku":null,"price":50.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"20mg","offer_id":47548287451380,"sku":null,"price":100.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"30mg","offer_id":47548287484148,"sku":null,"price":150.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"40mg","offer_id":48045007962356,"sku":null,"price":200.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"50mg","offer_id":48318197170420,"sku":null,"price":250.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0804\/5802\/3156\/files\/Render_Mockup_1920_1920_2026-01-31.png?v=1769799169"},{"product_id":"mots-c","title":"MOTS-c","description":"\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eMOTS-c (mitochondrial open-reading-frame of the 12S rRNA-c) peptide is a novel mitochondria-derived peptide. It is a short peptide composed of 16 amino acids, expressed in tissues and plasma, indicating a cell-specific and hormonal role.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(1)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eWith the potential to work both as a cell-specific compound and as a hormone, this peptide possibly acts by stimulating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. Only two mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) have been studied, Humanin and MOTS-c. When metabolic stress occurs in the organism, the peptide is believed to translocate to the cellular nuclei and alter the gene expression. MOTS-c peptide may also be released extracellularly and is known as \"\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003emitochondrial hormone\u003c\/em\u003e\" or simply as \"\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003emitokine.\u003c\/em\u003e”\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(2)(3)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 dir=\"ltr\"\u003eChemical Makeup\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(4)\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cstrong dir=\"ltr\"\u003eMolecular Formula:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eC\u003csub dir=\"ltr\"\u003e101\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub dir=\"ltr\"\u003e152\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub dir=\"ltr\"\u003e28\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub dir=\"ltr\"\u003e22\u003c\/sub\u003eS\u003csub dir=\"ltr\"\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003cbr dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cstrong dir=\"ltr\"\u003eMolecular Weight:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e2174.64 g\/mol\u003cbr dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cstrong dir=\"ltr\"\u003eOther Titles:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c, Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch and Clinical Studies\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eAnimal research models have indicated multiple potential actions from MOTS-c peptide, including increased physical performance, regulated cellular and tissue metabolism, and myoblast adaptation.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(2)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eResearch suggests that these actions may primarily depend on age and age-related changes in MOTS-c expression. The researchers suggest MOTS-c levels and activity might decline, hinting at a role in the cell aging process and the development of age-related metabolic dysfunction. Furthermore, MOTS-c may interact with known aging regulators, such as NAD+ and sirtuins, suggesting its involvement in pathways potentially modulating the lifespan of the cell.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(1)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAs per Joseph C Reynolds et al.,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003e“Mitochondria are chief metabolic organelles with strong implications in cell aging that also coordinate broad physiological functions, in part, using peptides that are encoded within their independent genome.”\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(4)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe peptide endogenous expression has also been posited to be boosted via physical activity, potentially enhancing cellular metabolism.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(5)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eMOTS-c Peptide and Muscle Metabolism\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eWith increasing age, skeletal muscles tend to gain insulin resistance, leading to decreased glucose uptake. Upon peptide exposure, skeletal muscles may be stimulated with an improved response toward AMPK activation. As a result, glucose transporter expression may increase, potentially improving skeletal muscle metabolism and enhancing skeletal muscle functioning and growth. Further, MOTS-c's actions are posited to include targeting metabolic pathways such as the folate-methionine cycle and purine biosynthesis. This targeting may potentially lead to a modulation of cellular metabolism, including actions on glucose uptake and lipid utilization. The peptide's impact might involve a shift in metabolic priorities within the cell, possibly affecting the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes. In systemic metabolism, MOTS-c is posited to function as a mitochondrial hormone, with circulating peptide levels appearing to affect metabolic functions in skeletal muscle and possibly adipose tissue. Its potential regulatory actions on glucose homeostasis and insulin action suggest a broader hormonal role in energy balance and nutrient sensing across different tissues.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(1)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eMOTS-c Peptide and Fat Cell Metabolism\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eResearch has suggested that the peptide may potentially leave the mitochondrial site, translocate to cellular nuclei, and possibly alter gene expression. More specifically, the peptide may interact with a broad range of genes, particularly those with antioxidant response elements (ARE), hinting at a potential regulatory relationship with stress-responsive transcription factors like NRF2. Such findings suggest a genetically integrated system of mitonuclear communication, where both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes may encode factors that cross-regulate each other. This action, in turn, may alter glucose uptake restriction.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(6)\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003eThis hypothesis was first suggested from a study in which the experimental mice were given high-fat food, and only half were presented with the peptide. The researchers indicated that MOTS-c may potentially impact cellular metabolism by inhibiting the folate cycle directly tethered de novo purine biosynthesis, consequently leading to AMPK activation. Such actions hint at a broader role of the peptide in regulating insulin sensitivity and metabolic homeostasis, offering insights into its preventive potential against age-dependent and high-fat-induced insulin resistance and diet-induced obesity. The study presents supportive data to suggest that the peptide may stimulate glucose utilization, affect the methionine-folate cycle, and promote AMPK activation. These cellular actions suggest that MOTS-c might coordinate various metabolic processes, including glucose and lipid metabolism. Consequently, the murine models exposed to the peptide were lean and more energetic than the rest, further indicating that the peptide might prevent fat accumulation and induce glucose uptake via the AMPK pathway.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(3)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eMOTS-c Peptide and Bone\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eMOTS-c peptide has been suggested to regulate the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)\/SMAD pathway, which may profoundly affect bone tissues.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(7)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMore specifically, MOTS-c's actions may involve the upregulation of TGF-β\/Smad pathway-related genes, including TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and Smad7, suggesting a pivotal role of this pathway in MOTS-c mediated osteogenic differentiation. This hypothesis is further supported when the osteogenic differentiation promoted by MOTS-c is reversed upon TGF-β1 knockdown, indicating that MOTS-c's actions may be at least partly mediated through the TGF-β\/Smad pathway. The peptide may also stimulate the expression of osteogenesis-related genes such as ALP, Bglap, and Runx2. Thus, this peptide may stimulate the SMAD pathway in the osteoblast cells, possibly improving bone density and strength. When studied in bone marrow cells, this compound appeared to trigger the differentiation of the stem cells, which may lead to bone tissue development.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eMOTS-c Peptide and Cardiac Function\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eThe peptide has not been suggested by researchers to directly influence cardiac function; instead, researchers posit that the peptide exerts potential on the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels inside. These endothelial tissues are considered to affect blood pressure and clotting. The researchers suspect a positive correlation exists between MOTS-c levels and microvascular and epicardial endothelial function. Such findings tentatively suggest MOTS-c as a potential biomarker for endothelial function, with the study revealing a nuanced relationship between MOTS-c levels and vascular reactivity. Further, the research suggested that when mice were exposed to MOTS-c, it appeared to improve the endothelial tissues' functioning, thereby possibly facilitating dysfunction. The mechanistic basis for MOTS-c's action on endothelial function remains speculative but may involve the activation of AMPK.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(8)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eMOTS-c Peptide and Cell Lifespan\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eResearch has suggested that the peptide may be associated with enhanced longevity on a cellular level. The peptide typically contains glutamate residue, but when this is replaced by lysine, the new compound may exert a functional change. Scientists so far are aware that the functionality of the glutamate and lysine groups are vastly different, but how this specific structural change affects peptide functionality is yet to be understood. Noriyuki Fuku et al. suggests that there is\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003e“a biological link between MOTS-c and extended lifespan through the putative endocrine action of this mitokine. Further mechanistic research is needed to determine the functional significance of polymorphism and the potential influence of MOTS-c in the [...] aging process.”\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(9)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong dir=\"ltr\"\u003eThe peptide is available for research and laboratory purposes only.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eReferences:\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLee C, Kim KH, Cohen P. MOTS-c: A novel mitochondrial-derived peptide regulating muscle and fat metabolism. Free Radic Biol Med. 2016 Nov;100:182-187. doi: 10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.015. Epub 2016 May 20. PMID: 27216708; PMCID: PMC5116416.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5116416\/\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5116416\/\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMohtashami Z, Singh MK, Salimiaghdam N, Ozgul M, Kenney MC. Most Recent Mitochondrial Derived Peptide in Human Aging and Age-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Oct 9;23(19):11991.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms231911991\"\u003edoi: 10.3390\/ijms231911991\u003c\/a\u003e. PMID: 36233287; PMCID: PMC9570330.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLee C, Zeng J, Drew BG, Sallam T, Martin-Montalvo A, Wan J, Kim SJ, Mehta H, Hevener AL, de Cabo R, Cohen P. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metab. 2015 Mar 3;21(3):443-54.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.02.009\"\u003edoi: 10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.02.009\u003c\/a\u003e. PMID: 25738459; PMCID: PMC4350682.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLu H, Wei M, Zhai Y, Li Q, Ye Z, Wang L, Luo W, Chen J, Lu Z. MOTS-c peptide regulates adipose homeostasis to prevent ovariectomy-induced metabolic dysfunction. J Mol Med (Berl). 2019 Apr;97(4):473-485. doi: 10.1007\/s00109-018-01738-w. Epub 2019 Feb 6. PMID: 30725119.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30725119\/\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30725119\/\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReynolds JC, Lai RW, Woodhead JST, Joly JH, Mitchell CJ, Cameron-Smith D, Lu R, Cohen P, Graham NA, Benayoun BA, Merry TL, Lee C. MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis. Nat Commun. 2021 Jan 20;12(1):470.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33473109\/\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33473109\/\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKim KH, Son JM, Benayoun BA, Lee C. The Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide MOTS-c Translocates to the Nucleus to Regulate Nuclear Gene Expression in Response to Metabolic Stress. Cell Metab. 2018 Sep 4;28(3):516-524.e7. doi: 10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.06.008. Epub 2018 Jul 5. PMID: 29983246; PMCID: PMC6185997.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6185997\/\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6185997\/\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHu BT, Chen WZ. MOTS-c improves osteoporosis by promoting osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via TGF-β\/Smad pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018 Nov;22(21):7156-7163. doi: 10.26355\/eurrev_201811_16247. PMID: 30468456.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30468456\/\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30468456\/\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQin Q, Delrio S, Wan J, Jay Widmer R, Cohen P, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Downregulation of circulating MOTS-c levels in patients with coronary endothelial dysfunction. Int J Cardiol. 2018 Mar 1;254:23-27. doi: 10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.12.001. Epub 2017 Dec 6. PMID: 29242099.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29242099\/\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29242099\/\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNoriyuki Fuku el al., The mitochondrial-derived peptide: A player in exceptional longevity?,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/acel.12389\"\u003ehttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/acel.12389\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e","brand":"PureX Labs","offers":[{"title":"10mg","offer_id":47548300558580,"sku":null,"price":40.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"40mg","offer_id":48353466843380,"sku":null,"price":140.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0804\/5802\/3156\/files\/Render_Mockup_1920_1920_2026-01-31_9.png?v=1769804832"},{"product_id":"aod-9604","title":"AOD-9604","description":"\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eAOD 9604 peptide is a synthetic analog of growth hormone designed with the intention of mitigating obesity and aiding weight loss. The peptide is a modified fragment of the growth hormone where the last 16 amino acids (176-191) have been reproduced as a specific peptide, called GH Fragment 176-191 or simply AOD 9604. It also has a tyrosine residue to replace the first amino acid at the N-terminus, which researchers consider to help increase the stability of the peptide.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(1)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eMore specifically, AOD 9604 is considered the lipolytic fragment of GH as different parts of the GH molecule appease to have different potentials. For instance, studies suggest that out of its 191 amino acid structure “\u003ci dir=\"ltr\"\u003ethe N-terminal region exhibits an insulin-potentiating action, while amino acids 108 - 129 of hGH were found to evoke high mitogenic responses.\u003c\/i\u003e”\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(2)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eAOD 9604 peptide was developed in the 1990s in an effort to develop proteins which might exhibit anti-obesity properties similar to Growth Hormone (hGH). Rigorous scientific studies and experiments have since been conducted to determine the potential action of AOD 9604 in lipolysis.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(1)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eLipolysis is a term to describe the process through which stored fats or triglycerides in fat cells are broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids, which may be used as an energy source by other cells. Enzymes such as lipase appear to play a critical role in this process, helping in the breakdown of these fats. It's possible that AOD9604 may influence the fat cells and lipolytic receptors, particularly given its observed association with changes in weight and fat in murine models. Research study findings indicate that the fragment seems to have the capacity to amplify lipolytic sensitivity following its introduction. Furthermore, the study hypothesizes a potential interaction of AOD9604 with the beta-adrenergic pathway, especially concerning the beta(3)-adrenergic receptors (beta(3)-AR), which are considered to be key lipolytic receptors found in fat cells. While it is not entirely clear, the expression level of beta(3)-AR RNA, the primary lipolytic receptor in fat cells, was observed to increase in the presence of AOD 9604. This could possibly suggest that the peptide might be playing a role in enhancing the sensitivity of these lipolytic receptors, potentially making them more responsive to lipolytic stimuli. However, it is essential to note that while the peptide appears to elevate the expression of beta(3)-AR, it may not act directly through the beta(3)-AR to induce its potential lipolytic action.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScientists and researchers have suggested that the modified portion of the hGH in the AOD 9604 peptide may be responsible for significantly inducing the fat burning process, possibly without stimulating the production of Insulin-like Growth Factor IGF 1, as opposed to the natural growth hormone.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eChemical Makeup\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cstrong dir=\"ltr\"\u003eMolecular Formula:\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eC\u003csub dir=\"ltr\"\u003e78\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub dir=\"ltr\"\u003e123\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub dir=\"ltr\"\u003e23\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub dir=\"ltr\"\u003e23\u003c\/sub\u003eS\u003csub dir=\"ltr\"\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003cbr dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cstrong dir=\"ltr\"\u003eMolecular Weight:\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e1815.12 g\/mol\u003cbr dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cstrong dir=\"ltr\"\u003eOther Known Titles:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eTyr-hGH Fragment 177-191\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch and Clinical Studies\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eAOD 9604 Peptide and Lipolytic Activity\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eEarly studies were carried out on obese mice where the AOD 9604 peptide was periodically introduced for 14 days. Following the experiment, the results reported a reduction in weight and excess fat. These results appeared directly correlated with the increased levels of major lipolytic receptors, beta(3)-AR, found in the fat cells. AOD 9604 peptide appeared to exhibit action similar to hGH wherein both may be capable of increasing repressed levels of lipolytic receptors in obese mice as compared to the lean mice. To confirm whether the lipolytic action of AOD 9604 might merely be associated with the increased lipolytic receptor levels, additional studies were carried out where AOD 9604 was given to mice with knocked out lipolytic receptors. Further analysis suggested that the AOD 9604 peptide enacted the lipolytic action via increased energy expenditure and fat oxidation.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(1)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eBoth these findings on chronic and acute action of AOD 9604 suggested that while enhanced beta(3)-AR expression may have played a role in the chronic action of the compound, beta(3)-AR might not be the sole arbiter in this reaction. Oxidation and enhanced energy expenditure appeared to be vital in the proposed action of the peptide.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eIn 2000, a research study was carried out in obese Zucker rats where the AOD 9604 peptide was given daily for 19 consecutive days. Following the study, it was reported that weight appeared to be reduced in all rats by over 50%, in comparison to the rats given a placebo. Further analysis suggested that the adipose tissues of the AOD 9604 peptide animals had increased lipolytic activity and no marked insulin sensitivity interruption in the animals.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(3)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eAOD 9604 Peptide and Obesity\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eIn 2004, clinical trials observed the actions of the peptide in 300 obese subjects who were given the peptide for 12 weeks. The rate of weight loss remained consistent throughout the study period. The trial results noted minor improvement exhibited in the subjects’ cholesterol profiles and glucose tolerance levels.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(4)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eAOD 9604 Peptide and Cell Regeneration\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eAdditional research was conducted to study the regenerative potential of the peptide. In 2015, 32 white rabbits were divided into four groups of eight, and each group was given a placebo, AOD 9604, hyaluronic acid, or a combination of AOD 9604 and hyaluronic acid for 4 to 7 weeks. After the study, these rabbits were assessed morphologically and histopathologically to determine the degree of cartilage degeneration. It was concluded that rabbits given the combination of AOD 9604 with hyaluronic acid apparently exhibited the least degeneration. Thus, it was suggested by the researchers that AOD 9604 might exhibit potential to enhance cartilage regeneration and cartilage repair in some capacity.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(5)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eThis may be due to the potential role of AOD 9604 in cellular differentiation processes and, potentially, in the synthesis of proteins important for tissue repair. According to an\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci dir=\"ltr\"\u003ein vitro\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003estudy, AOD 9604 may possibly enhance the differentiation of adipose mesenchymal stem cells into bone\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(5)\u003c\/sup\u003e. These stem cells, which are typically found within fat tissue, may have the potential to evolve into various cell types. It has been hypothesized that under the influence of AOD 9604, these stem cells may show a predisposition to differentiate into bone cells. Moreover, when the research was conducted on isolated bovine chondrocytes, it appeared that there might be an increased production of proteoglycan and collagen. Chondrocytes are cells believed to be found within cartilage tissue, and they possibly play a role in producing and maintaining the extracellular matrix, which consists of components like collagen and proteoglycans. It is posited that the presence of AOD 9604 could stimulate these chondrocytes to produce more of these vital components. The study also hints at the idea that AOD 9604 might promote the differentiation of myoblasts into C2C12 cells. Myoblasts are thought to be precursor muscle cells, and C2C12 cells are a type of murine model muscle cell line. From what the study suggests, AOD 9604 may assist in the transition of these precursor cells into a more mature form. The research seems to underline the potential role AOD 9604 might have in processes connected to the repair of bone, cartilage, and muscle tissues.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eAOD 9604 and Research in Cancer Cells\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eThe peptide may be able to bind (target) tumor-related proteins to enhance tumor drug accumulation and local cytotoxicity.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(6)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe hGH fragment AOD 9604 may potentially play a pivotal role in cancer cell research, as it has been observed to enhance the anticancer efficacy of doxorubicin, a commonly recognized chemotherapeutic agent. One study utilized chitosan nanoparticles, a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, as a carrier for doxorubicin and AOD 9604.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(6)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe research team hypothesized that AOD 9604 possibly enhanced the doxorubicin binding to multiple breast cancer cell protein targets, thereby exhibiting greater anti-proliferative activity against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line compared to chitosan loaded with doxorubicin alone. This suggests that AOD 9604 may potentially augment the anti-cancer potency of doxorubicin while possibly minimizing unintended actions associated with non-target tissue exposure. In conclusion, multiple clinical studies have suggested that the peptide may significantly induce lipolysis and possibly prevent lipogenesis by mimicking natural hGH.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong dir=\"ltr\"\u003eAOD 9604 is available for research and laboratory purposes only.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eReferences:\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMark Heffernan, Roger J. Summers, Anne Thorburn, Esra Ogru, Robert Gianello, Woei-Jia Jiang, Frank M. Ng, The Effects of Human GH and Its Lipolytic Fragment (AOD 9604) on Lipid Metabolism Following Chronic Treatment in Obese Mice and β 3-AR Knock-Out Mice, Endocrinology, Volume 142, Issue 12, 1 December 2001, Pages 5182–5189.\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11713213\/\" rel=\"noopener\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11713213\/\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoré, M. I., \u0026amp; Kenley, D. (2014). Safety and metabolism of AOD9604, a novel nutraceutical ingredient for improved metabolic health.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci dir=\"ltr\"\u003eJournal of Endocrinology and Metabolism\u003c\/i\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci dir=\"ltr\"\u003e4\u003c\/i\u003e(3), 64-77.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFrank M. Ng, J Sun et.al, Metabolic Studies of a Synthetic Lipolytic Domain (AOD 9604) of Human Growth Hormone, Hormone Research, February 2000.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNews, Medical and Life Sciences, Obesity drug codenamed AOD 9604 highly successful in trials, 16 December 2004.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDong Rak Kwon and GI Young Park, Effect of Intra-articular Injection of AOD9604 with or without Hyaluronic Acid in Rabbit Osteoarthritis Model, Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, Volume 45, July-August 2015.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHabibullah, M. M., Mohan, S., Syed, N. K., Makeen, H. A., Jamal, Q. M. S., Alothaid, H., Bantun, F., Alhazmi, A., Hakamy, A., Kaabi, Y. A., Samlan, G., Lohani, M., Thangavel, N., \u0026amp; Al-Kasim, M. A. (2022). Human Growth Hormone Fragment 176-191 Peptide Enhances the Toxicity of Doxorubicin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci dir=\"ltr\"\u003eDrug design, development and therapy\u003c\/i\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci dir=\"ltr\"\u003e16\u003c\/i\u003e, 1963–1974.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DDDT.S367586\" rel=\"noopener\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DDDT.S367586\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e","brand":"PureX Labs","offers":[{"title":"5mg","offer_id":47548302196980,"sku":null,"price":60.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0804\/5802\/3156\/files\/Render_Mockup_1920_1920_2026-01-31_10.png?v=1769804832"},{"product_id":"5-amino-1mq","title":"5-Amino-1MQ","description":"\u003cp data-start=\"155\" data-end=\"499\"\u003e5-Amino-1MQ is a research-grade inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), an enzyme involved in cellular methylation balance and nicotinamide metabolism. NNMT activity has been associated with regulation of adipocyte energy balance, lipid storage, and insulin signaling, making it a target of interest in metabolic research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"501\" data-end=\"883\"\u003eBy inhibiting NNMT, 5-Amino-1MQ is used to investigate NAD⁺-dependent energy pathways, including downstream effects on mitochondrial function and sirtuin signaling. Research models explore its role in fat mass regulation, insulin sensitivity, metabolic rate, and one-carbon metabolism, as well as the interaction between epigenetic regulation and metabolic function.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"PureX Labs","offers":[{"title":"5mg","offer_id":47548302983412,"sku":null,"price":35.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0804\/5802\/3156\/files\/Render_Mockup_1920_1920_2026-01-31_15.png?v=1769805238"},{"product_id":"semiglutide","title":"Semaglutide","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col gap-4 grow\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"2040b58a-303c-4f7a-a5b5-50c64427701e\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-5-thinking\" class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal outline-none keyboard-focused:focus-ring [.text-message+\u0026amp;]:mt-1\" data-turn-start-message=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full wrap-break-word dark markdown-new-styling\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"391\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"15\"\u003eSemaglutide\u003c\/strong\u003e is a research-grade GLP-1 receptor agonist analog studied for its interaction with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors involved in metabolic signaling, glucose regulation pathways, and appetite-related neuroendocrine activity. Its extended half-life and receptor-binding profile make it a widely used compound in preclinical and laboratory research focused on incretin biology.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"393\" data-end=\"693\"\u003eIn research models, semaglutide has been evaluated for its role in insulin secretion pathways, glucagon regulation, gastric emptying mechanisms, and central appetite signaling. These areas of study make it a valuable tool for investigating metabolic function, energy balance, and glucose homeostasis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"695\" data-end=\"897\"\u003eSemaglutide is commonly applied in research involving metabolic regulation, pancreatic beta-cell signaling, obesity-related models, insulin sensitivity, and long-duration GLP-1 receptor activity assays.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"899\" data-end=\"962\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"899\" data-end=\"962\" data-is-last-node=\"\"\u003eFor research use only. Not for human or animal consumption.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"PureX Labs","offers":[{"title":"20mg","offer_id":48045021528308,"sku":null,"price":50.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0804\/5802\/3156\/files\/Render_Mockup_1920_1920_2026-05-12.jpg?v=1778528159"}],"url":"https:\/\/purexlabs.io\/collections\/metabolic-weight.oembed","provider":"PureX Labs","version":"1.0","type":"link"}