{"title":"Healing \u0026 Repair","description":"","products":[{"product_id":"bpc-157","title":"BPC-157","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-woocommerce-product-details alignwide is-style-minimal\" data-hide-tab-title=\"true\" data-block-name=\"woocommerce\/product-details\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"woocommerce-tabs wc-tabs-wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-labelledby=\"tab-title-description\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"tab-description\" class=\"woocommerce-Tabs-panel woocommerce-Tabs-panel--description panel entry-content wc-tab\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBPC-157 (Body Protective Compound-157) is a research peptide composed of 15 amino acids, originally isolated from a protective protein in human gastric juice. It has gained significant attention in scientific studies for its potential role in accelerating the body’s natural healing processes. Research suggests that BPC-157 may promote tissue repair by enhancing angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels), supporting collagen production, and modulating growth factors involved in recovery.This peptide has been studied for a wide range of applications, including muscle tears, tendon and ligament injuries, joint damage, and gastrointestinal health. Its potential protective effects on the gut lining have also made it of interest in research on inflammatory bowel conditions. While findings are promising, BPC-157 is intended strictly for laboratory and research purposes, and is not approved for human consumption.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eBPC-157 has been steadily researched for its potential in wound healing. Presentation of BPC-157 may stimulate the growth hormone (GH) receptors, thereby inducing similar GH potential. BPC-157 peptide appears to bind with growth hormone receptors, possibly stimulating cell proliferation. This may lead to the development of new tissue composed of collagen and the development of a network of blood vessels in a process also called ‘angiogenesis.’ Consequently, the wound is ‘rebuilt’ and healed faster than the usual rate.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(1)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eBPC-157 has also been studied in correlation to gastrointestinal function. Serotonin, an enteric neurotransmitter, is localized in the GI tract and GI mucosa. Altered serotonin levels may inhibit gastric acid secretion, affecting gut mucosal function and influencing gastric blood flow.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(2)\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003eBPC-157 appears to have a particular antidepressant activity, which may counteract serotonin-induced action. The peptide may counteract the 5-HT2A receptors, restricting the serotonin binding with these receptors and thereby inhibiting its action.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(3)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe peptide has been researched for its potential action across diverse functions, including tissue repair, pain perception, gastrointestinal regulation, and tendon, ligament, muscle, and bone cell reparations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eMultiple studies have since been conducted to understand the full action of the peptide, especially in the area of healing gastrointestinal ulceration, which is elaborated on below. Studies have suggested the peptide may increase the build-up of the blood vessels and induce anti-inflammation potential via improving functional recovery.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(4)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eChemical Makeup\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cstrong dir=\"ltr\"\u003eMolecular Formula:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eC\u003csub dir=\"ltr\"\u003e62\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub dir=\"ltr\"\u003e98\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub dir=\"ltr\"\u003e16\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub dir=\"ltr\"\u003e22\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003cbr dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cstrong dir=\"ltr\"\u003eMolecular Weight:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e1419.55 g\/mol\u003cbr dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cstrong dir=\"ltr\"\u003eOther Known Titles:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eBody Protection Compound-157\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch and Clinical Studies\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eBPC-157 Peptide and Wound Healing\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eIn a study, three experimental murine models were used – first with skin tissue wounds, second with colon tissue anastomosis, and third with synthetic sponge implantation. A portion of the murine models were presented with a placebo, whereas others were presented with the BPC 157 peptide. After the study, all models were histologically examined. The researchers reported that the BPC-157 murine models appeared to exhibit higher numbers of collagen, reticulin, and blood vessel development than the ones in the control group.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(5)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eIn a particular study, researchers explored the theory that the peptide BPC-157 might potentially hasten wound healing compared to a control group. This hypothesis was rooted in observing possible improvements in several key areas of wound healing. These included the formation of new granulation tissue, which is critical in the healing process, along with reepithelialization. In this process, new epithelial cells form to replace those damaged by the wound. Additionally, there was an observation of potential improvements in dermal remodeling, a phase where the skin regains strength and elasticity, and collagen deposition, crucial for tissue repair.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(6)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eThe study also suggested that BPC-157 might have enhanced the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the injured skin tissues. VEGF is a significant protein that promotes blood vessel growth, vital to healing damaged tissues. The researchers further speculated that the peptide could have influenced umbilical vein endothelial cell proliferation (HUVECs). These cells line the blood vessels and are considered to be integral to forming new blood vessels during wound healing.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(6)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eAdditionally, there was a conjecture about a noticeable increase in the migration of HUVECs. This observation was based on results from wound healing assays, tests designed to measure various aspects of wound healing. The presence of BPC-157 might have led to an increased expression of VEGF-a, a variant of VEGF, and consequently accelerated the formation of vascular tubes in a laboratory setting. Moreover, the study hinted at the possibility that BPC-157 might influence the activity of specific proteins and enzymes involved in cellular signaling pathways. Specifically, it seemed that BPC-157 could regulate the phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1\/2). Phosphorylation is a process that activates or deactivates many protein enzymes and is a crucial step in sending signals within cells. The affected enzymes, ERK1\/2, along with their downstream targets, including c-Fos, c-Jun, and Egr-1, are believed to play significant roles in cell growth, migration, and angiogenesis, which is the development of new blood vessels.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(6)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eBPC-157 Peptide and Tendon Healing\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eAn experiment was conducted in the cultured tendon fibroblasts derived from the tendons of murine models. The cultures were divided into two groups; one was the control, whereas the other was presented with the peptide. Following the study, the following was reported:\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(1)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe peptide appeared to promote the outgrowth of tendon fibroblasts and tissue healing;\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEven under H2O2 stress, BPC-157 appeared to stimulate apparent cell survival under stress;\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe peptide appeared to promote migration of the tendon fibroblasts;\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBPC-157 reportedly induced increased levels of phosphorylation of both PAK and paxillin, while the total protein level remained unchanged.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eUpon analysis, it was suggested that the peptide may impact tendon healing, tendon outgrowth, and cell survival via the F-actin formation and activation of the FAK and paxillin pathways.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(1)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eF-actin formation is considered a key component in the cell's cytoskeleton, providing structure and aiding in cell movement. If BPC-157 enhances F-actin formation, this might indicate an improvement in the cytoskeletal organization and cell motility of tendon fibroblasts, which are essential for the repair and regeneration of tendon tissues. Further into the study, researchers utilized Western blotting, a laboratory method to detect specific proteins in a sample. Through this analysis, they suggested that BPC-157 might activate focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin, two proteins that play a significant role in cellular processes. The tentative finding was that the phosphorylation levels of FAK and paxillin appeared to increase in the presence of BPC-157. Interestingly, the total amounts of these proteins appeared to have remained unchanged, leading to the speculation that BPC-157's role might be more about activating existing molecules rather than increasing their production. This led to a further hypothesis that BPC-157 might activate the FAK-paxillin pathway. This pathway is considered to promote cell migration and adhesion, especially in tendon fibroblasts. The activation of this pathway could imply that BPC-157 plays a role in enhancing the movement and adherence of these cells, which are key processes in tendon healing and regeneration.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eBPC-157 Peptide and Gastrointestinal Healing\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eA study was conducted to scrutinize the action of BPC-157 peptide against similar angiogenic growth factors such as EGF, FGF, and VEGF. The primary assumptions were that BPC-157 is highly stable, biocompatible, and sufficient to exert action when presented by itself. While the study reported improved healing, only BPC-157 appeared to have exhibited consistent results in all wound types (i.e., chronic and acute) on the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and lower GI tract. This study suggested the extent of the angiogenic potential of the peptide is apparently very high as it appeared to extend not only on local wounds and ligaments but also on GI wounds and bone healing.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(7)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eBPC-157 Peptide and Tissue Damage\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eA study was conducted to understand the extent of the angiogenic potential of the peptide beyond local wounds, ligaments, and GI tract wounds and to study its action on multiple gastrointestinal lesions on the pancreas, liver injuries, heart damage, endothelium damage, and blood pressure. Following the results, scientists suggested that the BPC-157 peptide may induce a network of activities via peptidergic defense systems. There is also a possibility that BPC-157 may play a role in addressing both acute and chronic inflammation, aiding in wound healing, and assisting in the healing of fractures, including cases of pseudoarthrosis. This broad spectrum of potential suggests that BPC-157 could be part of the organism's unique peptidergic defense system.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(8)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eThere are several neurotransmitters and functions considered by scientists to be important, such as dopamine, nitrous oxide, prostaglandin, and other neuron systems. Any over-activity or inhibition of these systems may lead to lesions in different organs. BPC-157, through its defense system, appears to counteract these systems and possibly reverse their over-activation and inhibition. The researchers commented that these might include important systems, ”\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003enamely, dopamine-, NO-, prostaglandin-, somatosensory neuron-system,\u003c\/em\u003e” and more.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e8)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eBPC-157 Peptide and Muscle Healing\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eA study was conducted on murine models with injured gastrocnemius muscle complex. These murine models were then presented with methylprednisolone (corticosteroid). These corticosteroid murine models were then divided into two groups: one was presented with BPC-157, and the other was presented with a placebo. Both compounds were presented once in 24 hours and examined on days 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14. Upon examination, it was reported that the corticosteroid appeared to significantly worsen the muscle damage in the murine models. However, BPC-157 appeared to exhibit apparent signs of healing and restoration of the damaged gastrocnemius muscle and restoring functioning ability.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(9)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmphetamine-Induced Hypersensitivity\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eLaboratory experiments have suggested that the BPC-157 peptide may have the ability to heal multiple different lesions – in the GI tract, liver, pancreas, and others. This trend in lab findings indicated that the peptide had some interaction with the dopamine system. To investigate further, this study presented the BPC-157 peptide in amphetamine (dopamine agonist) murine models. It was observed that BPC-157 appeared to be able to reverse the amphetamine-induced excitability in the murine models. Furthermore, murine models were presented with another dopamine agonist, haloperidol, and then presented with amphetamine on days 1, 2, 4, and 10. These murine models were then presented with BPC-157 to illustrate its action. Upon examination, it was suggested by the researchers that the peptide appeared to cause an almost complete reversal of the haloperidol action.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(10)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eBPC-157 Peptide and Central Nervous System\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eIn a particular study using a murine model, researchers explored the potential of BPC-157 in the context of traumatic brain injury (TBI). BPC-157 might have played a role in significantly reducing the damage caused by TBI in experimental models, as indicated by improved early outcomes in the experiments conducted. During the critical 24-hour period following the injury, the observations hinted a minimal mortality rate in the BPC-157 group. Furthermore, the severity of traumatic lesions typically associated with TBI, such as subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding in the space between the brain and the tissues that cover it), intraventricular hemorrhage (bleeding inside the brain's ventricular system), brain laceration, and hemorrhagic laceration, appeared to be less pronounced in the murine models of the BPC-157 group. This suggested a protective potential of the peptide against such injuries.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(11)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eAnother interesting observation was the considerable improvement in brain edema, swelling in the brain tissue often caused by traumatic injuries. The hypothesis extended to the possibility that if BPC-157 were introduced before the occurrence of TBI, it might show an improved ratio of conscious\/unconscious\/death states in the test subjects. In other words, the peptide might potentially prevent or reduce the severity of unconsciousness and lower mortality rates associated with TBI in experimental models. Moreover, there was a suggestion that the immediate exposure of BPC-157 immediately before the injury may have mitigated the damage in the murine models subjected to a force impulse, typically used to simulate TBI in research. This hinted at the possibility of the peptide having preventive or protective potential against the immediate consequences of traumatic brain injury in experimental models.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(11)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong dir=\"ltr\"\u003eBPC 157 peptide is available for research and laboratory purposes only.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eReferences:\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChang, Chung-Hsun et al. “The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration.” Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) vol. 110,3 (2011): 774-80. doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00945.2010.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21030672\/\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21030672\/\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOrmsbee, H S 3rd, and J D Fondacaro. “Action of serotonin on the gastrointestinal tract.” Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.) vol. 178,3 (1985): 333-8. doi:10.3181\/00379727-178-42016.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3919396\/\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3919396\/\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSikiric, Predrag et al. “Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and Practical Implications.” Current neuropharmacology vol. 14,8 (2016): 857-865. doi:10.2174\/1570159x13666160502153022.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5333585\/#r1\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5333585\/#r1\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKrivic, A., Majerovic, M., Jelic, I. et al. Modulation of early functional recovery of Achilles tendon to bone unit after transection by BPC 157 and methylprednisolone. Inflamm. res. 57, 205–210 (2008).\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00011-007-7056-8\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00011-007-7056-8\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS Seiwerth, et al. “BPC 157's effect on healing.” Journal of physiology, Paris vol. 91,3-5 (1997): 173-8. doi:10.1016\/s0928-4257(97)89480-6.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9403790\/\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9403790\/\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuang, T., Zhang, K., Sun, L., Xue, X., Zhang, C., Shu, Z., Mu, N., Gu, J., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., \u0026amp; Zhang, W. (2015). Body protective compound-157 enhances alkali-burn wound healing in vivo and promotes proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in vitro.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003eDrug design, development and therapy\u003c\/em\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003e9\u003c\/em\u003e, 2485–2499.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DDDT.S82030\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DDDT.S82030\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeiwerth, Sven et al. “BPC 157 and Standard Angiogenic Growth Factors. Gastrointestinal Tract Healing, Lessons from Tendon, Ligament, Muscle and Bone Healing.” Current pharmaceutical design vol. 24,18 (2018): 1972-1989. doi:10.2174\/1381612824666180712110447.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29998800\/\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29998800\/\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSikiric P. (1999). The pharmacological properties of the novel peptide BPC 157 (PL-10).\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003eInflammopharmacology\u003c\/em\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003e7\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 1–14.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10787-999-0022-z\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10787-999-0022-z\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17657443\/\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17657443\/\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePevec D, Novinscak T, Brcic L, Sipos K, Jukic I, Staresinic M, Mise S, Brcic I, Kolenc D, Klicek R, Banic T, Sever M, Kocijan A, Berkopic L, Radic B, Buljat G, Anic T, Zoricic I, Bojanic I, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P. Impact of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on muscle healing impaired by systemic corticosteroid application. Med Sci Monit. 2010 Mar;16(3):BR81-88. PMID: 20190676.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20190676\/\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20190676\/\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJelovac, N et al. “A novel pentadecapeptide, BPC 157, blocks the stereotypy produced acutely by amphetamine and the development of haloperidol-induced supersensitivity to amphetamine.” Biological psychiatry vol. 43,7 (1998): 511-9. doi:10.1016\/s0006-3223(97)00277-1.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9547930\/\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9547930\/\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTudor, M., Jandric, I., Marovic, A., Gjurasin, M., Perovic, D., Radic, B., Blagaic, A. B., Kolenc, D., Brcic, L., Zarkovic, K., Seiwerth, S., \u0026amp; Sikiric, P. (2010). Traumatic brain injury in mice and pentadecapeptide BPC 157 effect.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003eRegulatory peptides\u003c\/em\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003e160\u003c\/em\u003e(1-3), 26–32.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.regpep.2009.11.012\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.regpep.2009.11.012\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGwyer, D., Wragg, N.M. \u0026amp; Wilson, S.L. Gastric pentadecapeptide body protection compound BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing. Cell Tissue Res 377, 153–159 (2019).\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00441-019-03016-8\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00441-019-03016-8\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVeljaca, Marija et al, The development of PL 14736 for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, Advanced in GI pharmacology, 2002 O-32.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bib.irb.hr\/192824\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.bib.irb.hr\/192824\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePhase I clinical trial in healthy volunteers to study safety and pharmacokinetics of BPC-157, a pentadecapeptide from gastric source.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02637284?\"\u003ehttps:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02637284?\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/purexlabs.io\/pages\/bpc-157-coa\" title=\"BPC-157 COA\"\u003eCOA\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"PureX Labs","offers":[{"title":"5mg","offer_id":48353551319284,"sku":null,"price":20.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"10mg","offer_id":47487342477556,"sku":null,"price":40.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0804\/5802\/3156\/files\/BPC-157.png?v=1769105831"},{"product_id":"bpc-157-tb500","title":"BPC-157\/TB500","description":"\u003cp\u003eBPC-157 + TB-500 is a regenerative peptide blend designed for advanced research into tissue healing, cellular repair, and recovery processes. By combining two of the most widely studied peptides in regenerative science, this formulation offers researchers a unique opportunity to examine synergistic mechanisms of repair and protection across multiple biological systems.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch and Clinical Studies\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are no research or clinical studies currently available where both TB-500 and BPC-157 were used in the same experiment or presented in combination, using the same test model. However, below listed are the studies observing the potential action of the individual peptides.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eBPC-157 \u0026amp; TB-500 Blend and Tissue Repair\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eIn one study with Tβ4 conducted in 1999,\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(9)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eexperimentally wounded murine models were used as subjects, where half the number of murine models were presented with saline and the rest were presented with TB-500 peptide. The main aim of this study was to determine the potential tissue repair action of the peptide. Four days after the experiment, it was reported by the researchers that the murine models presented with TB-500 showed an apparent 41% increment in the re-epithelialization process (i.e., formation of new epithelial cells to resurface the wound). After seven days, the wounds presented with TB-500 had reportedly contracted by at least 11% as compared to the saline wounds. The authors commented that “\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003ethese results suggest that Tβ4 is a potent wound healing factor with multiple activities...\u003c\/em\u003e”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eIn another 2006 clinical trial,\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(10)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e72 test subjects with pressure ulcers were presented with TB-500. The main aim of this randomized, double blind study was to establish the potential of thymosin beta 4 (analogous to TB-500) in ulcer presence. The test subjects were divided into two groups, where one group was presented with placebo for 84 days and the rest were presented daily with various concentrations of the peptide, for up to 84 days. After 84 days, there was an occurrence of wound healing process where the ulcers reportedly exhibited signs of healing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eIn a BPC-157 study,\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(11)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ethree experimental murine models were used as subjects where all were experimentally wounded, with either acute or chronic wounds. These murine models were then divided into two groups, where one was presented with a placebo compound and the other was presented with BC-157 peptide. After the experiment, all the murine models were histologically examined, and it was determined that the murine models with BPC-157 exhibited a prominently higher number of collagen and blood vessels formed as compared to the placebo murine models.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eBPC-157 \u0026amp; TB-500 Blend and Ligaments\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eIn one study,\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(12)\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003ethe medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the murine models was transected (cut across) during surgery. All the murine models were then presented with a fibrin sealing agent, where some murine models were also presented with thymosin beta 4 (TB-500). Four weeks after the surgery, it was reported by the researchers that the healing tissues in the peptide murine models exhibited apparently evenly formed and spaced collagen cells. The collagen cells formed in the peptide murine models were reportedly wider as compared to the control murine models. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the regenerating tissues, including the femur-medial collateral ligament-tibia complexes, appeared to be improved in the TB-500 group compared to the control.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eAnother research article indicated that BPC-157 might play a role in aiding the recovery of connective tissues, potentially by promoting the growth of tendon explants. Interestingly, the study suggested that BPC-157 may possibly enhance the resilience of these cells in the face of oxidative stress. This outcome might be linked to the triggering of F-actin formation, as indicated by FITC-phalloidin staining. BPC-157 also appeared to enhance the\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003ein vitro\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003emovement of tendon fibroblasts as indicated by a transwell filter migration test. Furthermore, BPC-157 appeared to hasten the dispersion of tendon fibroblasts across culture plates. Additionally, the study delved into the possible role of the FAK-paxillin pathway (a pair of focal adhesion-linked proteins that relay signals following integrins) in conveying the action of BPC-157. Western blot tests hinted that the phosphorylation rates of both FAK and paxillin seemed to rise with BPC 157, yet the overall protein quantities stayed constant.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(8)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eBPC-157 \u0026amp; TB-500 Blend and Muscle\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eA study\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(13)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ewas conducted on murine models with experimentally injured gastrocnemius muscle complex. These murine models were initially presented with corticosteroids, which reportedly contributed to severe muscular damage in these murine models . These murine models were then divided into two groups, where one was presented with placebo and the other with BPC-157 daily for up to 14 days. After the experiment, it was reported that the BPC-157 murine models appeared to exhibit complete restoration of their gastric muscles along with full ability to function. Whereas, the placebo treated group did not exhibit any apparent change to the damaged muscles.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eTB-500 may also have a potential effect on muscle cell regeneration, more specifically on cardiac muscle cells. One study suggests that TB-500 appears to bolster myocardial resilience in conditions of low oxygen, and seemingly fosters angiogenesis, possibly paving the way for cardiac cell repair. Researchers have hinted at a potential process where cardiac fibroblasts transition into cells resembling cardiomyocytes.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(14)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eIn the end, the scholars observed that TB-500, when combined with cardiac reprogramming techniques, might collaboratively reduce potential harm to cardiac cells and foster its regeneration by activating inherent cells within the cardiac region. An examination using murine models of coronary artery tying appeared to exhibit results which implied that TB-500 might elevate integrin-associated kinase (ILK) and protein kinase B operations in the heart, possibly boosting early cardiomyocyte endurance and seemingly enhancing heart performance.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(15)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe experts also suggested that TB-500 might support the movement of myocardial and endothelial cells in the fetal heart and maintains this capability in mature cardiomyocytes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong dir=\"ltr\"\u003eBPC-157 \u0026amp; TB-500 Peptide Blend is available for research and laboratory purposes only.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eReferences:\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeiwerth, S., Milavic, M., Vukojevic, J., Gojkovic, S., Krezic, I., Vuletic, L. B., Pavlov, K. H., Petrovic, A., Sikiric, S., Vranes, H., Prtoric, A., Zizek, H., Durasin, T., Dobric, I., Staresinic, M., Strbe, S., Knezevic, M., Sola, M., Kokot, A., Sever, M., … Sikiric, P. (2021). Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003eFrontiers in pharmacology\u003c\/em\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003e12\u003c\/em\u003e, 627533.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.627533\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.627533\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaar, K., Hetenyi, R., Maar, S., Faskerti, G., Hanna, D., Lippai, B., Takatsy, A., \u0026amp; Bock-Marquette, I. (2021). Utilizing Developmentally Essential Secreted Peptides Such as Thymosin Beta-4 to Remind the Adult Organs of Their Embryonic State-New Directions in Anti-Aging Regenerative Therapies.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003eCells\u003c\/em\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003e10\u003c\/em\u003e(6), 1343.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10061343\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10061343\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Center for Biotechnology Information. “PubChem Compound Summary for CID 132558700, CID 132558700” PubChem,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/132558700\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/132558700\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Center for Biotechnology Information. “PubChem Compound Summary for CID 9941957” PubChem,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Bpc-157\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Bpc-157\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGurtner GC, Werner S, Barrandon Y, Longaker MT. Wound repair and regeneration. Nature. 2008 May 15;453(7193):314-21. doi: 10.1038\/nature07039. PMID: 18480812.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18480812\/\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18480812\/\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSantra, M., Zhang, Z. G., Yang, J., Santra, S., Santra, S., Chopp, M., \u0026amp; Morris, D. C. (2014). Thymosin β4 up-regulation of microRNA-146a promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and suppression of the Toll-like proinflammatory pathway.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003eThe Journal of biological chemistry\u003c\/em\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003e289\u003c\/em\u003e(28), 19508–19518.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M113.529966\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M113.529966\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSikiric, Predrag et al. “Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC-157: Theoretical and Practical Implications.” Current neuropharmacology vol. 14,8 (2016): 857-865.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5333585\/#r1\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5333585\/#r1\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChang, Chung-Hsun et al. “The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC-157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration.” Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) vol. 110,3 (2011): 774-80. doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00945.2010.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21030672\/\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21030672\/\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKatherine M. Malinda et.al, Thymosin β4 Accelerates Wound Healing, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Volume 113, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 364-368, ISSN 0022-202X,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022202X15405950\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022202X15405950\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStudy of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Pressure Ulcers.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT00382174\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT00382174\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS Seiwerth, et al. “BPC-157’s effect on healing.” Journal of physiology, Paris vol. 91,3-5 (1997): 173-8. doi:10.1016\/s0928-4257(97)89480-6.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9403790\/\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9403790\/\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXu B, Yang M, Li Z, Zhang Y, Jiang Z, Guan S, Jiang D. Thymosin β4 enhances the healing of medial collateral ligament injury in rat. Regul Pept. 2013 Jun 10;184:1-5. doi: 10.1016\/j.regpep.2013.03.026.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23523891\/\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23523891\/\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePevec D, Novinscak T, Brcic L, Sipos K, Jukic I, Staresinic M, Mise S, Brcic I, Kolenc D, Klicek R, Banic T, Sever M, Kocijan A, Berkopic L, Radic B, Buljat G, Anic T, Zoricic I, Bojanic I, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P. Impact of pentadecapeptide BPC-157 on muscle healing impaired by systemic corticosteroid application. Med Sci Monit. 2010 Mar;16(3):BR81-88. PMID: 20190676.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20190676\/\"\u003ehttps:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20190676\/\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSrivastava, D., Ieda, M., Fu, J., \u0026amp; Qian, L. (2012). Cardiac repair with thymosin β4 and cardiac reprogramming factors.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003eAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences\u003c\/em\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003e1270\u003c\/em\u003e, 66–72.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06696.x\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06696.x\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBock-Marquette, I., Saxena, A., White, M. D., Dimaio, J. M., \u0026amp; Srivastava, D. (2004). Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003eNature\u003c\/em\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003e432\u003c\/em\u003e(7016), 466–472.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca dir=\"ltr\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature03000\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature03000\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e","brand":"PureX Labs","offers":[{"title":"10mg","offer_id":48098748727540,"sku":null,"price":45.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"20mg","offer_id":47487346573556,"sku":null,"price":85.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0804\/5802\/3156\/files\/BPC-157_TB500.png?v=1769105968"},{"product_id":"tb-500","title":"TB-500","description":"\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTB-500 is a synthetic peptide modeled after a portion of the thymosin beta-4 protein, a naturally occurring peptide found in nearly all human and animal cells. Research has focused on its possible influence on actin regulation, a protein critical to cellular structure and movement. TB-500 is of particular interest in studies exploring wound healing, muscle and tendon repair, and recovery from tissue injury. Its ability to encourage cell migration and blood vessel formation has made it a valuable compound for research into regenerative science. As with other peptides, TB-500 is intended solely for laboratory and research purposes and is not approved for human use.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eBesides being highly soluble in water and light in weight, TB-500 is a 43 amino acid-containing peptide found in abundance in the wound fluid comprising multiple blood platelets. This peptide may exhibit possible anti-inflammatory potential and may support neurological healing, as well as potentially supporting healing processes in the spinal cord, heart, and epidermis.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(1)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eTB-500 peptide, also known as thymosin β(4), includes a distinct peptide segment (17)LKKTETQ(23), which acts as the active site and which researchers consider potentially impactful in actin binding, cell migration, and wound healing.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(2)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe amino acid sequence of TB-500 is:\u003cbr dir=\"ltr\"\u003eAc-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro-Asp-Met-Ala-Glu-Ile-Glu-Lys-Phe-Asp-Lys-Ser-Lys-Leu-Lys-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Gln-Glu-Lys-Asn-Pro-Leu-Pro-Ser-Lys-Glu-Thr-Ile-Glu-Gln-Glu-Lys-Gln-Ala-Gly-Glu-Ser-OH.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eActins are essential proteins that form a key component of the cytoskeleton within cells, serving not only to maintain cellular structure but also to facilitate various cellular functions, including movement. Actin is suggested to be critical in supporting these cellular structures and processes. Thymosin beta-4 and, thus, TB-500 are believed to interact with actin, potentially by binding to globular actin (G-actin), a precursor to filamentous actin (F-actin). This interaction is thought to hinder the transformation of G-actin into F-actin, a process known as actin sequestration, and is likely to increase the availability of G-actin. The inhibition of F-actin formation by thymosin beta-4 may conceivably modify the structure of the cellular cytoskeleton, impacting cellular abilities for movement and morphological changes. Such changes are tentatively linked to various physiological and pathological states where cell motility is essential, including wound healing, tissue regeneration, and the progression of cancer through metastasis.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(3)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eFurthermore, Thymosin beta-4 has been detected not only within cells but also extracellularly, such as in blood plasma and wound exudates. Preliminary studies involving vascular cells suggest that Thymosin beta-4 is extracellular, it might influence cellular functions like motility and the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis).\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(11,12)\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003eIt is postulated that Thymosin beta-4 might exert this potential through its interactions with ATP synthase enzymes located on the cell surface, which are critical for cellular energy production. These findings indicate a broader scope of action for thymosin beta-4, impacting both intra- and extracellular processes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eChemical Makeup\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cstrong dir=\"ltr\"\u003eMolecular Formula:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eC\u003csub dir=\"ltr\"\u003e212\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub dir=\"ltr\"\u003e350\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub dir=\"ltr\"\u003e56\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub dir=\"ltr\"\u003e78\u003c\/sub\u003eS\u003cbr dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cstrong dir=\"ltr\"\u003eMolecular Weight:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e4963 g\/mol\u003cbr dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cstrong dir=\"ltr\"\u003eOther Known Titles:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThymosin Beta 4\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch and Clinical Studies\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eTB-500 Peptide and Inflammation\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eTβ4, and thus TB-500, is thought to potentially increase the levels of microRNA-146a (miR-146a), which might function as a suppressive regulator of specific cellular signaling pathways, particularly those associated with the functions of inflammation-related cytokines, including L-1 receptor-linked kinase 1 (IRAK1) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). The researchers of a study investigating the potential of the peptide on these factors propose this as a possible mechanism of action for TB-500. More specifically, the authors observed that \"\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003etransfection of anti-miR-146a nucleotides reversed the inhibitory effect of Tβ4 on IRAK1 and TRAF6,\u003c\/em\u003e\" thus suggesting this as a potential mechanism. Consequently, it is suggested that TB-500 may contribute to anti-inflammatory potential via these mechanisms.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(4)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eTB-500 Peptide and Acute Wounds\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eIn 1999, a research study was conducted on wounded murine test models, who were introduced to TB-500 as a form of synthetic Thymosin Beta 4.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(5)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFour days after the presentation, it was reported by the researchers that the TB-500 peptide rats exhibited an apparent 41% increase in re-epithelialization than control murine models presented with saline. Seven days after the study, the TB-500 wounds were reported to be contracted by at least 11% more than the saline wounds. Upon analysis, it was concluded that TB-500 may possibly induce angiogenesis and collagen deposition, increasing the wound healing rate.The authors commented that their observations “\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003esuggest that Tβ4 is a potent wound healing factor with multiple activities...\u003c\/em\u003e”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eTB-500 Peptide and Chronic Wounds\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eResearch studies were carried out on normal rats and mice, diabetic mice, aged mice, and steroid-influenced rats. All these animals were served full-thickness punch wounds and introduced to the TB-500 peptide. It was reported that the TB-500 appeared to accelerate the wound-healing process in all test models, regardless of the stated pre-existing conditions. Furthermore, phase 2 clinical trials were conducted on models of stasis and pressure ulcers. It was reported that TB-500 might accelerate the healing process by as much as one month.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(6)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eTB-500 Peptide and Heart Cells\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003ePulmonary hypertension is considered by scientists to be a progressive cardiac disease where the pulmonary arteries restrict the blood ejection by the right ventricle. This may result in increased pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure, potentially leading to ventricular failure of the heart. It was reported by researchers that TB-500 might be action specific on the Notch3-Col 3A-CTGF gene axis in MCT-influenced mice, which appeared to result in the case of the test study in decreasing the right ventricular heart cell hypertrophy by a significant amount.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(7)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eBased on Tβ4 research, TB-500 might also influence the regeneration of cardiac cells. Preliminary research indicates that TB-500 may enhance the resilience of myocardial cells under hypoxic conditions and may also promote angiogenesis, which could facilitate the repair of cardiac cells. There is a suggestion from researchers that cardiac fibroblasts could potentially differentiate into cells akin to cardiomyocytes.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(8)\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003eFurthermore, it has been proposed that the combination of TB-500 with cardiac reprogramming methods could synergistically mitigate damage to cardiac cells and support their regeneration by activating intrinsic cells in the heart area. Further experimentation employing mouse models, in which coronary arteries were ligated, suggested that TB-500 could potentially increase the activity of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and protein kinase B (Akt) in cardiac tissue. This observation indicates a possible enhancement in the early survival of cardiomyocytes and an apparent improvement in cardiac function.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(9)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFurther, the research indicates that TB-500 may facilitate the migration of myocardial and endothelial cells in the fetal heart, and this function appears to be preserved in adult cardiomyocytes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eTB-500 and Hair Follicle Growth\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eIn 2003, studies were carried out on mice to examine the potential of TB-500 in hair growth. Under the influence of the TB-500 peptide, it was reported by the researchers that, via histological examination of the mouse skin cells, the peptide appeared to increase the number of hair shafts and hair follicles, thereby inducing hair growth. Upon real-time PCR and western blotting techniques, changes in the expression of m-RNA cells were observed between the TB500 and control mice. The m-RNA and protein levels were reported elevated in TB-500 mice, which might have significantly induced hair growth.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(10)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eTB-500 and Blood Vessel Formation\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eIt is hypothesized that TB-500 might influence angiogenesis via several molecular interactions. This is based on studies involving TB-500 overexpression lentiviral vector in transfecting umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and murine critical limb ischemia (CLI) models.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(13)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eResearchers have also employed inhibitors such as DAPT, targeting the Notch pathway, and BMS, affecting the NF-κB pathway, in both HUVEC and murine CLI experiments to probe the intricate biological processes involved. The potential of TB-500 on angiogenesis and cellular migration were evaluated using MTT assays to measure cell viability, alongside tube formation and wound healing assays to assess angiogenic and migratory capabilities, respectively. Additionally, a variety of molecular methodologies were utilized, including Western blotting, reverse transcription, quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. These techniques were instrumental in investigating the expression levels of angiogenesis-associated markers and elements related to the Notch\/NF-κB pathways. Preliminary findings indicate that TB-500 might enhance not only the viability, angiogenesis, and migration of HUVEC but could also elevate the expression of angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), TEK receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (tie2), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), NOTCH1 intracellular domain (N1ICD), Notch receptor 3 (Notch3), NF-κB, and phosphorylated (p)-p65 in these cells. In the muscle tissues of murine CLI models, similar increases in the expression of CD31, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Ang2, tie2, VEGFA, N1ICD, and p-p65 were observed, suggesting a regulatory potential of TB-500 on these molecular targets. Interestingly, the application of DAPT and BMS in these studies seemed to counteract the actions of TB-500, potentially indicating that the mechanisms of action of TB-500 in promoting angiogenesis might be mediated through its interactions with the Notch and NF-κB pathways. Moreover, the apparent reversal of the actions of DAPT and BMS by TB-500 could underscore its role in modulating these pathways, supporting the proposition of its regulatory functions in angiogenesis. Researchers have noted that these observations might imply a role for Tβ4 in promoting angiogenesis through regulation of these critical pathways.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cem\u003eTB-500 and Corneal Tissues\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eStudies have posited that TB-500 may modulate cytokine production and thus accelerate healing in corneal wound models.\u003csup dir=\"ltr\"\u003e(14)\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFollowing injury, there is some indication that TB-500 could promote increased expression of IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA in the corneas of murine models. Moreover, TB-500 experimentation after alkali injury might lead to a decrease in the expression of chemoattractants such as MIP-2 and KC for polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in mouse corneas, potentially resulting in diminished PMN infiltration. Concerning the inflammatory signaling pathways in the cornea, it is speculated that TB-500 may influence NFκB pathways, possibly exerting anti-inflammatory actions. TB-500 is also theorized to possess anti-apoptotic attributes. An overexpression of TB-500 in cellular models is observed to potentially increase growth rates, diminish basal apoptosis, and confer resistance to factors that induce cell death. In corneal epithelial cells, TB-500 could potentially inhibit apoptosis by blocking caspases and curtailing the release of the pro-apoptotic protein bcl-2 from mitochondria. The mechanism of TB-500’s anti-apoptotic action might include reducing the initiation signals of early cell death and activating the survival kinase Akt via complex interactions with PINCH and integrin-linked kinase. It is conceivable that TB-500’s anti-apoptotic influence operates through several molecular pathways. Nonetheless, it is crucial to acknowledge that these mechanisms remain conjectural and warrant further empirical investigation to be substantiated.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong dir=\"ltr\"\u003eTB-500 peptide is available for research and laboratory purposes only.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eReferences:\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKleinman HK, Sosne G. Thymosin β4 Promotes Dermal Healing. Vitam Horm. 2016;102:251-75.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S008367291630005X\" rel=\"noopener\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003edoi: 10.1016\/bs.vh.2016.04.005\u003c\/a\u003e. Epub 2016 May 24.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHo EN, Kwok WH, Lau MY, Wong AS, Wan TS, Lam KK, Schiff PJ, Stewart BD. Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β₄, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2012 Nov 23;1265:57-69.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.09.043\" rel=\"noopener\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003edoi: 10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.09.043\u003c\/a\u003e. Epub 2012 Sep 23.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGurtner GC, Werner S, Barrandon Y, Longaker MT. Wound repair and regeneration. Nature. 2008 May 15;453(7193):314-21.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18480812\/\" rel=\"noopener\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003edoi: 10.1038\/nature07039\u003c\/a\u003e. PMID: 18480812.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSantra, M., Zhang, Z. G., Yang, J., Santra, S., Santra, S., Chopp, M., \u0026amp; Morris, D. C. (2014). Thymosin β4 up-regulation of microRNA-146a promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and suppression of the Toll-like proinflammatory pathway.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003eThe Journal of biological chemistry\u003c\/em\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003e289\u003c\/em\u003e(28), 19508–19518.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M113.529966\" rel=\"noopener\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M113.529966\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKatherine M. Malinda et.al, Thymosin β4 Accelerates Wound Healing, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Volume 113, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 364-368, ISSN 0022-202X.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTreadwell T, Kleinman HK, Crockford D, Hardy MA, Guarnera GT, Goldstein AL. The regenerative peptide thymosin β4 accelerates the rate of dermal healing in preclinical animal models and in patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012 Oct.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWei C, Kim IK, Li L, Wu L, Gupta S. Thymosin Beta 4 protects mice from monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy. PLoS One. 2014 Nov 20;9(11):e110598.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSrivastava, D., Ieda, M., Fu, J., \u0026amp; Qian, L. (2012). Cardiac repair with thymosin β4 and cardiac reprogramming factors.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003eAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences\u003c\/em\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003e1270\u003c\/em\u003e, 66–72.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06696.x\" rel=\"noopener\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06696.x\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBock-Marquette, I., Saxena, A., White, M. D., Dimaio, J. M., \u0026amp; Srivastava, D. (2004). Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003eNature\u003c\/em\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003e432\u003c\/em\u003e(7016), 466–472.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature03000\" rel=\"noopener\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature03000\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGao, Xy., Hou, F., Zhang, Zp. et al. Role of thymosin beta 4 in hair growth. Mol Genet Genomics 291, 1639–1646 (2016).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuff, T., Müller, C. S., Otto, A. M., Netzker, R., \u0026amp; Hannappel, E. (2001). beta-Thymosins, small acidic peptides with multiple functions.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003eThe international journal of biochemistry \u0026amp; cell biology\u003c\/em\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003e33\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 205–220.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1357-2725(00)00087-x\" rel=\"noopener\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1357-2725(00)00087-x\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFreeman, K. W., Bowman, B. R., \u0026amp; Zetter, B. R. (2011). Regenerative protein thymosin beta-4 is a novel regulator of purinergic signaling.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003eFASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology\u003c\/em\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003e25\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 907–915.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.10-169417\" rel=\"noopener\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.10-169417\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLv, S., Cai, H., Xu, Y., Dai, J., Rong, X., \u0026amp; Zheng, L. (2020). Thymosin‑β 4 induces angiogenesis in critical limb ischemia mice via regulating Notch\/NF‑κB pathway.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003eInternational journal of molecular medicine\u003c\/em\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003e46\u003c\/em\u003e(4), 1347–1358.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4701\" rel=\"noopener\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4701\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSosne, G., Qiu, P., \u0026amp; Kurpakus-Wheater, M. (2007). Thymosin beta 4: A novel corneal wound healing and anti-inflammatory agent.\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003eClinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)\u003c\/em\u003e,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem dir=\"ltr\"\u003e1\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 201–207.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e","brand":"PureX Labs","offers":[{"title":"5mg","offer_id":47548294758644,"sku":null,"price":45.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"10mg","offer_id":48527160312052,"sku":null,"price":90.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0804\/5802\/3156\/files\/Render_Mockup_1920_1920_2026-01-31_4.png?v=1769802134"}],"url":"https:\/\/purexlabs.io\/collections\/healing-repair.oembed","provider":"PureX Labs","version":"1.0","type":"link"}